ambigu

Ambiguity


Ambiguity is a term used to characterise phenomena that have more than only one meaning. These meanings are distinct from each other and have no close schema in common.


There are several forms of ambiguity to be distinguished :


Lexical Ambiguity


Lexical ambiguity is concerned with multiple interpretations of lexemes. A word is ambiguous if it involves two lexical items that have identical forms, but have distinct, i.e. unrelated meanings.


The most classical example of lexical ambiguity is bank, which may either denote an organisation providing financial services, or the side of a river – just to mention two of the lexeme’s possible meanings.


Further examples of lexical ambiguity are:
bright - a bright (intelligent) person vs. bright (sunny) weather


Structural Ambiguity


Structural ambiguity is a result of two or more different syntactic structures that can be attributed to one string of words. That means that a sentence is structurally ambiguous not because it contains a single lexeme that has several distinct meanings, but because the syntactic structure of the sentence causes multiple interpretations.


 Young boys and girls love the adventure playground.


This sentence is syntactically ambiguous, because the reference of young is unclear. There are two possible interpretations of the subject. It may either be that [young boys] and girls love the adventure playground, or young [boys and girls] love [it]. The structural analysis shows that the sentence may be interpreted in a way that young only refers to the boys, or it may be understood as characterising the boys as well as the girls.

denotation,conotation and implication

Denotasi

Konsep dasar yang didukung oleh suatu kata ( makna itu menunjuk pada konsep referen/ide). Makna yang sebenarnya atau lawan dari makna konotasi yang mengacu pada makna kias atau makna bukan sebenarnya.

Berikut ini contoh penggunaan denotasi.

‘Adul punya sepeda motor baru’ Kata sepeda motor pada contoh diatas merupakan contoh denotasi atau makna sebenarnya. Motor ‘sepeda motor’ merupakan jenis kendaraan roda dua yang dipakai sebagai alat transportasi, motor termasuk denotasi karena mempunyai makna yang sebenarnya yaitu jenis kendaraan roda dua

Konotasi

Konotasi merupakan makna kata yang mengandung arti tambahan, imajinasi atau nilai rasa tertentu . Konotasi mengacu pada makna kias atau makna tidak sebenarnya.

Makna konotatif atau konotasi kata mengacu pada makna kias atau makna bukan sebenarnya. makna konotatif mengandung imajinasi, nilai rasa,dan dimaksudkan untuk menggugah rasa

Contoh penggunaan konotasi sebagai berikut :

‘ Jangan bermain dengan anak yang panjang tangan, sengsara’

Berdasarkan kutipan diatas dapat dilihat yang termasuk contoh konotasi ’panjang tangan’

Padacontoh diatas termasuk konotasi karena ’panjang tangan’memiliki makna

yang tidak sebenarnya yaitu bermakna orang yang suka mencuri bukan bermakna tangan yang ukuranya panjang. Orang yang panjang tangan dibaratkan sebagai orang yang suka

mengambil barang milik orang lain

Implikasi

Ini adalah makna yang seorang pembicara atau penulis bermaksud tetapi tidak berkomunikasi secara langsung. Di mana pendengar dapat menyimpulkan atau menduga maksud dari apa yang telah diucapkan, ini dikenal sebagai (percakapan) implikatur.

Contoh penggunaan Implikasi sebagai berikut :

"bus" implikatur (makna implisit): "! Kita harus lari."

Motto

Every Action has a reaction, every act has a consequence and every kindness has kind reward.

EUPHEMISME

 EUPHEMISM

Euphemism is a more subtle expression as a substitute expressions are perceived as abusive in the conversation of irreverent be more polite

Euphemism is frequently used in everyday life. Let us look at some common euphemism examples:

• You are becoming a little thin on top (bald).
• He is always tired and emotional (drunk).
• He is a special child (disabled or retarded).

Types of Euphemism

1. Abstraction: Some euphemisms serve to distance people from unpleasant or embarrassing truths, as when we say that a dead person passed away or a celebrity who has canceled an appearance is suffering from exhaustion.

2. Indirection: A euphemism may replace an explicit description of an action, as when people speak of going to the bathroom or of others sleeping together.

3. Litotes: Sometimes, euphemism occurs in the form of this rhetorical device in which the gravity or force of an idea is softened or minimized by a double negative, as in the reference to someone as being not unattractive.

4. Mispronunciation: Alteration of pronunciation is a form of euphemism, as when we say frigging or shoot, or jeez or cripes, so as not to offend people by using profanity (figurative or literal). These types of euphemisms, involving rhyme, alliteration, or shortening, are also called minced oaths.

5. Modification: A bluntly offensive noun can be transformed into a euphemism by converting it to an adjective, as in saying someone has socialist leanings rather than labeling them a socialist outright.

6. Personification: One form of euphemism is when things that some people prefer not to mention candidly, such as genitals, are assigned personal names. (I will go beyond euphemism and let readers think of examples on their own.)

7. Slang: Much of slang, derived to produce a vocabulary exclusive to a social group, is euphemism, as in the use of joint for marijuana (itself a slang term, derived from the Spanish names Mary and Juana — closely related to “Mary Jane,” yet another euphemism).